+**Impact**: These threats can undermine the fundamental assumptions that keep Cardano secure and decentralized. Backward compatibility failures create chain splits that require manual coordination to resolve. Governance attacks can prevent beneficial upgrades entirely or create persistent network splits. Excessive growth can force honest operators offline, reducing effective honest stake and strengthening potential attackers' relative position in all stake-based attacks. Importantly, the network is most vulnerable during hard fork transition periods when mixed versions, uncertain governance outcomes, and coordination challenges create opportunities for adversaries to amplify other attack vectors from across the threat landscape.
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