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88 changes: 88 additions & 0 deletions content/cpp/concepts/deque/terms/at/at.md
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---
title: at()
description: Access an element at a specific index within a container such as std::deque with bounds checking.
---

# at()

## Description

The `at()` method in C++ is used to access an element at a specific index within a container, such as a `std::deque`.
It provides bounds checking, ensuring that the requested index is within the valid range of the container.
If the index is invalid, it throws an `std::out_of_range` exception instead of causing undefined behavior.

---

## Syntax

```cpp
deque_name.at(index);
````

**Parameters**

* `deque_name` — The name of the `std::deque` instance.
* `index` — The zero-based position of the element to access.

**Returns**
A reference to the element at the specified position.

**Throws**
`std::out_of_range` — If the index is less than 0 or greater than or equal to the size of the deque.

---

## Example

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <deque>
#include <stdexcept>

int main() {
std::deque<int> d = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

try {
int value = d.at(2);
std::cout << "Element at index 2: " << value << std::endl;
} catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
std::cout << "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
}

d.at(0) = 100;
std::cout << "Modified element at index 0: " << d.at(0) << std::endl;

try {
d.at(10) = 999;
} catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
std::cout << "Error accessing invalid index: " << e.what() << std::endl;
}

return 0;
}
```

---

## Codebyte

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <deque>
#include <stdexcept>

int main() {
std::deque<char> letters = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};

char element = letters.at(1);
std::cout << "Element at index 1: " << element << "\n";

try {
letters.at(5);
} catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
std::cout << "Access failed: Out of range exception caught.\n";
}

return 0;
}
```
81 changes: 55 additions & 26 deletions content/python/concepts/random-module/terms/uniform/uniform.md
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---
Title: '.uniform()'
Description: 'Returns a pseudo-random floating-point number between two given numbers.'


# Title: 'uniform()'

# Description: 'The `uniform()` function in NumPy generates random floating-point numbers sampled from a continuous uniform distribution over a specified interval.'
Subjects:
- 'Computer Science'
- 'Data Science'
Tags:
- 'NumPy'
- 'Random'
- 'Functions'
- 'Uniform Distribution'
- 'Python'
CatalogContent:
- 'learn-python-3'
- 'paths/computer-science'
- 'paths/data-science'
---

The `.uniform()` method takes two numbers as arguments and returns a pseudo-random floating-point number between them. The result is inclusive of the first value, and possibly inclusive of the second value, depending on rounding.
# uniform()

The `uniform()` function in NumPy generates random floating-point values sampled from a **continuous uniform distribution** over the interval `[low, high)`.
Every value in this range has an equal probability of being selected.

This function is commonly used in simulations, randomized algorithms, data augmentation, and generating synthetic datasets.

---

## Syntax

```pseudo
random.uniform(value1, value2)
```
```python
numpy.random.uniform(low=0.0, high=1.0, size=None)
````

Where `value1` and `value2` are numbers bounding the choice of a random floating-point number.
### Parameters

## Example
* **`low`** (float, optional)
The lower bound of the interval. Default is `0.0`.

In the example below, `.uniform()` is used to return a random floating-point number between 10 and 20:
* **`high`** (float, optional)
The upper bound of the interval. Default is `1.0`.

```py
import random
* **`size`** (int or tuple of ints, optional)
The shape of the output.

print(random.uniform(10,20))
```
* `None` returns a single float
* An integer returns a 1D array
* A tuple returns a multi-dimensional array

Example output:
### Returns

```shell
13.188312896316244
* **float or ndarray**
Random value(s) drawn from the specified uniform distribution.

---

## Example

```python
import numpy as np

# Generate a single random value between 5 and 10
value = np.random.uniform(5, 10)
print(value)

# Generate a 2×3 array of values between 0 and 1
array = np.random.uniform(0, 1, size=(2, 3))
print(array)
```

## Codebyte Example
---

The following example prints random floating-point numbers between 10 and 15, 100 and 150, -10 and 10, and 0.75 and 0.90.
## Codebyte

```codebyte/python
import random
import numpy as np

print(random.uniform(10,15))
print(random.uniform(100,150))
print(random.uniform(-10,10))
print(random.uniform(0.75,0.90))
# Generate three random numbers between 2 and 4
result = np.random.uniform(2, 4, size=3)
print("Uniform random values:", result)
```


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